Allah Ta\u2019ala criou o homem com o \u00fanico prop\u00f3sito de ador\u00e1-Lo e cumprir os Seus mandamentos. Por\u00e9m, para que o homem cumpra esta obriga\u00e7\u00e3o, ele precisar\u00e1 de comer, beber e sustentar a sua vida no mundo. Consequentemente, Allah Ta\u2019ala permitiu que o homem adquirisse o sustento hal\u00e1l, pois isso o ajudar\u00e1 a cumprir seu prop\u00f3sito primordial no mundo.<\/p>\n
Adquirir riqueza hal\u00e1l duma forma hal\u00e1l n\u00e3o pode ser subestimado. Hazrat Ra\u00e7ulullah (sallall\u00e1hu alaihi wassallam) disse que Allah Ta\u2019ala deu aos crentes a mesma ordem que Ele deu aos Ambiy\u00e1 (alaihimus sal\u00e1m) – a ordem de adquirir e consumir o que \u00e9 hal\u00e1l.<\/p>\n
A raz\u00e3o de Allah Ta\u2019ala ordenar os Ambiy\u00e1 (alaihimus sal\u00e1m) e os crentes a adquirir e consumir hal\u00e1l \u00e9 que adquirir har\u00e1m e consumir har\u00e1m s\u00f3 levar\u00e1 ao preju\u00edzo e a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o. Se algu\u00e9m consumir har\u00e1m, ser\u00e1 motivado a praticar ac\u00e7\u00f5es har\u00e1m e o n\u00far do cora\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 totalmente perdido. Da mesma forma, as boas ac\u00e7\u00f5es perder\u00e3o a aceita\u00e7\u00e3o perante Allah Ta\u2019ala.<\/p>\n
OS ESSENCIAIS E COMPONENTES DUMA TRANSA\u00c7\u00c3O NO ISL\u00c1M<\/strong><\/p>\n Essenciais duma Transa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n No Isl\u00e1m, uma venda v\u00e1lida ocorre quando uma oferta e aceita\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o encontradas de um comprador e vendedor com consentimento m\u00fatuo[1]<\/sup> e os artigos de venda trocadas de ambos os lados s\u00e3o de natureza permiss\u00edvel.[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n Componentes duma Transa\u00e7\u00e3o V\u00e1lida<\/strong><\/p>\n Existem muitos componentes necess\u00e1rios para que uma venda seja v\u00e1lida. Alguns desses componentes s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n 1. Proposta e aceita\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong> – No Shariah, uma venda ocorre quando uma parte faz uma oferta e a outra parte aceita. Portanto, quando uma oferta e aceita\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o encontradas, a venda ocorre.[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n Por exemplo, a pessoa A faz uma oferta para comprar um litro de leite da pessoa B por 10 MZN. A pessoa B aceita a oferta de vender seu um litro por 10 MZN. Com a oferta da pessoa A e a aceita\u00e7\u00e3o da pessoa B, a venda ocorre.<\/p>\n Deve-se ter em mente que a oferta e a aceita\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o precisam ser verbais. Em vez disso, tamb\u00e9m podem ser representados por meio das ac\u00e7\u00f5es do vendedor e do comprador. Portanto, se o cliente pagar o dinheiro e o vendedor entregar o artigo da venda, mesmo que nenhuma palavra tenha sido trocada, a venda ocorrer\u00e1.[4]<\/sup><\/p>\n 2. Consentimento m\u00fatuo<\/strong> – Junto com uma oferta e aceita\u00e7\u00e3o, para que a venda seja correcta no Isl\u00e1m, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio que o consentimento m\u00fatuo seja encontrado de ambas as partes no momento da oferta e aceita\u00e7\u00e3o. Se n\u00e3o for obtido consentimento de nenhuma das partes, apesar da venda ter ocorrido, ser\u00e1 f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida) e ter\u00e1 que ser cancelada. [5]<\/sup><\/p>\n Por exemplo, uma pessoa coloca uma arma na cabe\u00e7a de outra pessoa e a for\u00e7a a vender algo. Embora a pessoa obrigada desta forma concorde em vender o seu artigo, a venda ser\u00e1 f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida) e dever\u00e1 ser cancelada, pois n\u00e3o houve o consentimento dele.<\/p>\n 3. Exist\u00eancia do artigo de venda<\/strong> – Para que uma venda ocorra \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio que o objecto da venda esteja existente no momento da venda. Se a mercadoria de venda n\u00e3o existir, a venda n\u00e3o ocorrer\u00e1.[6]<\/sup><\/p>\n Por exemplo, se uma pessoa compra a colheita de laranjas do agricultor com anteced\u00eancia, antes de come\u00e7ar a crescer (ou seja, as laranjas s\u00e3o completamente inexistentes), a venda n\u00e3o ocorrer\u00e1 porque o objeto da venda n\u00e3o existe.<\/p>\n 4. Propriedade (ser o dono)<\/strong> – Para que uma venda seja v\u00e1lida, assim como \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio que o objecto da venda exista, \u00e9 igualmente necess\u00e1rio que o vendedor possua a propriedade e seja o dono do objecto da venda antes de vend\u00ea-lo. Se o vendedor vender algo antes de adquirir a propriedade, a venda n\u00e3o ocorrer\u00e1.[7]<\/sup><\/p>\n Por exemplo, um construtor deseja comprar 100 sacos de cimento duma loja de ferragens. A loja de ferragens n\u00e3o tinha cimento quando o construtor os contactou. No entanto, outra loja que fica do outro lado da rua tem o cimento. A loja de ferragens conclui o neg\u00f3cio do cimento com o construtor e, a partir da\u00ed, adquire-o da loja do outro lado da estrada e entrega-o ao construtor. Esta venda \u00e9 inadmiss\u00edvel, pois a loja de ferragens n\u00e3o possu\u00eda a propriedade do cimento quando o vendeu ao construtor. A forma de corrigir a venda \u00e9 renovar a venda com o construtor depois que a loja de ferragens adquira a propriedade do cimento.<\/p>\n 5. Posse<\/strong> – Assim como \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio que o vendedor possua a propriedade do artigo que est\u00e1 a vendar, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio que o artigo \u00e0 venda esteja na sua posse no momento da venda. Se ele \u00e9 o propriet\u00e1rio do artigo, mas ainda n\u00e3o entrou na sua posse, n\u00e3o ser\u00e1 permitido que ele venda o artigo.[8]<\/sup><\/p>\n Se ele vender o item, a venda ocorrer\u00e1, mas ser\u00e1 f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida). Portanto, ser\u00e1 necess\u00e1rio renovar a venda para que ela se torne v\u00e1lida.[9]<\/sup><\/p>\n Exemplos:<\/p>\n Uma pessoa comprou uma remessa de azulejos da China. A venda foi conclu\u00edda e ele pagou pela mercadoria tamb\u00e9m. Enquanto a remessa ainda est\u00e1 a caminho de Mo\u00e7ambique, ele come\u00e7a a vender os azulejos mostrando amostras aos clientes. Esta venda \u00e9 considerada inv\u00e1lida no Isl\u00e1m. A raz\u00e3o \u00e9 que, embora ele seja o dono da remessa, ainda n\u00e3o a tomou posse.<\/p>\n Uma pessoa comprou um computador de algu\u00e9m, mas o computador ainda est\u00e1 na posse do vendedor. O comprador n\u00e3o pode vender o computador enquanto n\u00e3o o possuir.<\/p>\n 6. A venda deve ser imediata<\/strong> – Da mesma forma, dentre os componentes duma venda \u00e9 que a venda deve ser de efeito imediato. Se a venda n\u00e3o for imediata, mas atribu\u00edda a uma data futura, um evento futuro ou conting\u00eancia, a venda n\u00e3o ocorrer\u00e1.[10]<\/sup><\/p>\n Por exemplo, uma venda \u00e9 conclu\u00edda com a seguinte condi\u00e7\u00e3o: \u201cSe voc\u00ea obtiver um empr\u00e9stimo do ABC, este carro ser\u00e1 vendido para voc\u00ea\u201d. Essa venda n\u00e3o \u00e9 permitida no Shari’ah e n\u00e3o ocorrer\u00e1.<\/p>\n 7. Sem incerteza<\/strong> – um dos componentes principais em uma transa\u00e7\u00e3o comercial \u00e9 o aspecto da certeza. A lei do Shari’ah \u00e9 que, com o ocorrer de uma oferta e aceita\u00e7\u00e3o, a propriedade das respectivas trocas \u00e9 passada de um para o outro. Se algu\u00e9m entrar numa transa\u00e7\u00e3o comercial em que haja incerteza quanto a qualquer parte que adquira qualquer uma das trocas, tal transa\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 inadmiss\u00edvel no Shari’ah.[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n Esta \u00e9 precisamente a raz\u00e3o pela qual os jogos de azar s\u00e3o proibidos. A pessoa gasta bens em troca de algo que n\u00e3o tem certeza de adquirir. No Qur\u0315\u00e1n Maj\u00edd, Allah Ta\u2019ala condenou os jogos de azar ou mayssir nos termos mais fortes, declarando-o \u201cimund\u00edcie das obras de shait\u00e1n.\u2019\u2019[12]<\/sup><\/p>\n Alguns exemplos contempor\u00e2neos de transa\u00e7\u00f5es que s\u00e3o inadmiss\u00edveis devido ao elemento de incerteza encontrado s\u00e3o competi\u00e7\u00f5es em que uma taxa \u00e9 cobrada, ap\u00f3lices e contractos de seguros, seguros de sa\u00fade, etc. Em todos estes casos, uma vez que n\u00e3o h\u00e1 certeza de aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o do item ou benef\u00edcio sobre o qual a transa\u00e7\u00e3o ou contracto est\u00e1 ocorrendo, a transa\u00e7\u00e3o ou contracto n\u00e3o ser\u00e1 permitido.<\/p>\n 8. Fixar o pre\u00e7o<\/strong> – Para que a venda seja v\u00e1lida no Shari’ah, o pre\u00e7o numa venda deve ser fixado. Se o pre\u00e7o n\u00e3o for fixo, embora a venda ocorra, a venda ser\u00e1 f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida). O pre\u00e7o pode ser fixado verbalmente ou por escrito, desde que seja certo e conhecido por ambas as partes.[13]<\/sup><\/p>\n Por exemplo, uma pessoa conclui a compra de um rel\u00f3gio dum amigo em troca de \u201caquilo que ele pagou por ele\u201d ou \u201co que voc\u00ea quiser pagar\u201d. Como o pre\u00e7o n\u00e3o foi fixo, a venda \u00e9 f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida). A forma de corrigir a venda \u00e9 as duas partes renovarem a venda com um pre\u00e7o fixo.<\/p>\n 9. Especificar o artigo de venda<\/strong> – Para que a venda seja v\u00e1lida no Shari’ah, o artigo de venda deve ser especificado (muta\u2019ayyan). N\u00e3o deve ser amb\u00edguo. Se o artigo de venda n\u00e3o for especificado, embora a venda ocorra, ela ser\u00e1 f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida).[14]<\/sup><\/p>\n Por exemplo, uma pessoa compra \u201cum cabrito\u201d que n\u00e3o foi especificado do rebanho de cabritos do fazendeiro. Esta venda \u00e9 f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida) devido ao elemento de ambiguidade encontrado na venda, j\u00e1 que a venda n\u00e3o ocorreu em nenhum cabrito espec\u00edfico. No entanto, se ambas as partes concordarem com um cabrito espec\u00edfico e a ambiguidade for removida, a venda ser\u00e1 v\u00e1lida.<\/p>\n 10. Prazo de cr\u00e9dito fixo<\/strong> – No caso de se vender ou comprar a prazo, o prazo de cr\u00e9dito deve ser fixado sem ambiguidades. Se o per\u00edodo de cr\u00e9dito n\u00e3o for fixado, embora a venda ocorra, a venda ser\u00e1 f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida).[15]<\/sup><\/p>\n Por exemplo, uma pessoa comprou um carro de outra pessoa e lhe informou que ela o pagaria quando seu pai voltar de sua viagem de f\u00e9rias (e a data de retorno n\u00e3o \u00e9 conhecida). Esta venda \u00e9 f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida) porque o per\u00edodo de cr\u00e9dito n\u00e3o foi fixo.<\/p>\n 11. O artigo de venda deve ser de natureza permiss<\/strong>\u00ed<\/strong>vel<\/strong> – Para que a venda seja v\u00e1lida no Shari’ah, o assunto de venda deve ser permitido no Shari’ah. Se o objecto da venda n\u00e3o for permitido no Shari’ah, a venda n\u00e3o ser\u00e1 permitida.[16]<\/sup><\/p>\n Por exemplo, n\u00e3o \u00e9 permitido vender instrumentos musicais, filmes, etc.<\/p>\n 12. A transa\u00e7<\/strong>\u00e3<\/strong>o deve ser livre de condi\u00e7\u00f5es inv\u00e1lidas<\/strong> – Para que a venda seja v\u00e1lida no Shari’ah, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio que ela esteja livre de condi\u00e7\u00f5es inv\u00e1lidas. Se qualquer condi\u00e7\u00e3o for inclu\u00edda na venda que contrarie os requisitos duma venda no Shari’ah e contiver algum benef\u00edcio adicional para o comprador ou vendedor, a condi\u00e7\u00e3o tornar\u00e1 a venda f\u00e1ssid (inv\u00e1lida).[17]<\/sup><\/p>\n Se a condi\u00e7\u00e3o inclu\u00edda na venda for tal que haja algum benef\u00edcio adicional para uma das partes da transa\u00e7\u00e3o, no entanto, tornou-se predominante como uma norma geral na sociedade, ent\u00e3o a inclus\u00e3o de tal condi\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 correcta, desde que n\u00e3o entre em contradi\u00e7\u00e3o com qualquer injun\u00e7\u00e3o clara do Qur\u0315\u00e1n Maj\u00edd ou Hadice.[18]<\/sup><\/p>\n Um exemplo disto \u00e9 o seguinte:<\/p>\n A posse do artigo comprado \u00e9 de responsabilidade do comprador, pois o artigo passou a ser de sua propriedade por meio da venda. No entanto, num local onde existe uma norma prevalecente de o vendedor entregar o artigo ao comprador (por exemplo, a leitaria entregando leite \u00e0s lojas), ser\u00e1 permitido ao comprador anexar a condi\u00e7\u00e3o no momento da venda de que o vendedor deve entregar o artigo para ele. Portanto, uma vez que tal condi\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o contradiz nenhum vers\u00edculo expl\u00edcito do Qur\u0315\u00e1n Maj\u00edd ou qualquer Hadice, ela ser\u00e1 v\u00e1lida.<\/p>\n [1] \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 3\/18)<\/span><\/p>\n (\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a) \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639 (\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 4\/2)<\/span><\/p>\n [2] \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0631 2\/108)<\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 3\/49)<\/span><\/p>\n [3] \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 (\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 4\/2)<\/span><\/p>\n \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 3\/457)<\/span><\/p>\n [4] (\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a (\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0639 5\/134)<\/span><\/p>\n (\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 (\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633) \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062e\u064a (\u0648\u0644\u0648) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a (\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d) \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0636 (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 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\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0640 124)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Allah Ta\u2019ala criou o homem com o \u00fanico prop\u00f3sito de ador\u00e1-Lo e cumprir os Seus mandamentos. Por\u00e9m, para que o homem cumpra esta obriga\u00e7\u00e3o, ele precisar\u00e1 de comer, beber e sustentar a sua vida no mundo. Consequentemente, Allah Ta\u2019ala permitiu que o homem adquirisse o sustento hal\u00e1l, pois isso o ajudar\u00e1 a cumprir seu prop\u00f3sito …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2180,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2179"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2179\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2181,"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2179\/revisions\/2181"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2180"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2179"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pt.alhaadi.org.za\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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